Go Channel

Channels are a typed conduit through which you can send and receive values with the channel operator, <-.

• Channel can only save homogeneous data type. So you must declare the type of the channel you want to create.

  chan int // channel only accepts int
  chan string // channel only accepts string
  chan bool // channel only accepts bool
  chan int // channel only accepts int
  chan string // channel only accepts string
  chan bool // channel only accepts bool
  

• You need to initialize a channel before using it with make, otherwise the channel is nil and not available to use.

  // Syntax: {variable_name} := make(chan {type})
  ch := make(chan int) // works
  var ch2 chan int // don't work
  // Syntax: {variable_name} := make(chan {type})
  ch := make(chan int) // works
  var ch2 chan int // don't work
  

• You need to initialize a channel before using it with make.

  ch := make(chan int) // int is type of channel data
  ch := make(chan int) // int is type of channel data
  

• Sending/Receiving data using channel:

  x := <- ch // read data from channel ch into variable x
  ch <- y // send y to the channel ch
  x := <- ch // read data from channel ch into variable x
  ch <- y // send y to the channel ch
  

• Close a channel:

  close(ch)
  close(ch)
  

  Note: You cannot send data to a closed channel.

• Type of channels:

  • unbuffered channel: a channel is created with no capacity.

    // Syntax: {variable_name} := make(chan {type})
    ch := make(chan int) // unbuffered channel
    // Syntax: {variable_name} := make(chan {type})
    ch := make(chan int) // unbuffered channel
    

  • buffered channel: a channel is created with capacity.

    // Syntax: {variable_name} := make(chan {type}, {capacity})
    ch := make(chan int, 5) // buffered channel, capacity = 5
    // Syntax: {variable_name} := make(chan {type}, {capacity})
    ch := make(chan int, 5) // buffered channel, capacity = 5
    

• Channel blocking mechanism:

  • Unbuffered channel

    Sending and receiving are blocked until the other side is ready. This allows goroutines to synchronize without explicit locks or condition variables.

    ch := make(chan int) // unbuffered channel
    ch := make(chan int) // unbuffered channel
    

  • Buffered channel

    Sending data to a buffered channel are blocked only when the buffer is full.

    Receiving data from a buffered channel are blocked only when the buffer is empty.

    ch := make(chan int, 5) // buffered channel
    ch := make(chan int, 5) // buffered channel
    

• Deadlock with channel

  A deadlock happens when a group of goroutines are waiting for each other and none of them is able to proceed. Examples:

  • The data which are sent into a channel cannot be received by any receiver anywhere in your code.
  • You try to read data from a channel but there is no data are sent to the channel anywhere in your code.